Putting science
at the heart of development
Opinions
Linda Nordling charts the science policy trends of the past year — and looks ahead to a new 'decade for science'.
When 2010 dawned there were some hopeful signs for African science, despite setbacks in the previous year — notably, the African Union (AU) commissioner for science and technology (S&T) announcing in October 2009 that his department was broke.
Egypt, one of the continent's strongest economies, was set to take over from Kenya as chair of the African Ministerial Council of Science and Technology (AMCOST). Joining the AMCOST bureau was another African powerhouse, South Africa, bringing high hopes for a 'dream team' that would revive the continent's science plans.
And there were milestones in 2010 for African science policy. This was the target year for a pledge by African presidents to allocate 1 per cent of their countries' gross domestic product (GDP) to S&T. It also marked the five-year anniversary of the Gleneagles G8 summit of 2005, when world leaders vowed to double their contributions to development aid.
Did the year live up to its expectations? The short answer is no. Neither of these goals has been met. And a major postgraduate training programme failed to flourish under the new AMCOST leadership.
Continental drift
Nobody really believed that the goal of 1 per cent GDP for S&T was achievable — even when countries signed up to it in 2007. An increase in African science budgets by at least ten-fold may sound good in a heads-of-state document, but made little sense in practice. Most African countries are many years away from having the training and funding systems that could absorb such an influx of funding and turn it into useful science.
As for Gleneagles, the world has changed since that commitment was made. The financial crisis has revised the economic world map. Traditional aid partners — Europe and the US — are now losing ground to emerging economies like India and China.
And progress stalled for the Pan-African University (PAU), the AU commission's flagship programme — a continental network of postgraduate training programmes based in the five regions of the continent.
Libya and Algeria wrestled to host the northern node of the network, which will focus on water science. In the South, plans to open up the regional node to students in January 2010 have yet to bear fruit after questions were raised about the allocation of the node to Stellenbosch University in South Africa.
The foot-dragging might be a consequence of a stronger AMCOST, which typically enters the decision-making process at a late stage to weigh in on pan-African plans like the PAU. While AMCOST often voices concern about the free rein the AU has in developing continental science policy, until now attempts to keep it in check have been modest.
The AU Commission has been accused before of going over the heads of national policymakers. But it has often had to act without much engagement from AMCOST — the ministerial science meetings are notorious for bad attendance.
And the continent has fallen behind on these meetings. The fourth biennial AMCOST meeting, due in the last quarter of 2009, only took place in March 2010. The AMCOST bureau meeting, expected towards the end of 2010, is still pending.
This state of affairs may be politically messy in the short term, but should yield better policies in the long run. The AU commission needs its member states to give it legitimacy — without national backing, the continent's joint policies won't take shape. Closer national support for pan-African science projects is high on the AU's wish list.
Trusting in nations
If 2010 was the year when continental science policymaking came up short, it was also the year when a handful of individual nations' commitments to science grew encouragingly.
Uganda and Tanzania unveiled science-friendly national budgets in June. Even Angola has issued a draft S&T policy, which was approved by stakeholders in the capital Luanda in November.
The Tanzanian government increased the allocation for its Commission for Science and Technology by thirty-fold. This will only marginally raise the percentage of GDP spent on S&T, showing the 1 per cent S&T funding commitment for the pipedream that it was.
But the money will kick-start a reform of Tanzania's old-fashioned funding mechanisms, where seniority currently outranks ingenuity.
And it signals a growing realisation in African governments that how research funding is spent is at least as important as how much of it there is.
A decade for science?
2011 could see more of the same. With rich countries still reeling from the financial crisis, aid is likely to remain a low priority. African countries know this, and are making plans to reduce their aid dependency.
At the continental level, 2011 is meant to be the start of an African 'decade for science'. But rather than making new plans, perhaps AMCOST's priority should be to review the ones it has on the table, to make sure they are practical in the new challenging financial climate.
Still, I am convinced that the continent's greatest hope lies with its nations. If the countries that have begun investing in science keep at it — and if the money is invested wisely — the effects will start to show.
That may not happen in 2011, but soon enough. And once these countries pull ahead, reaping the benefits of their investment, others might be encouraged to follow suit.
A decade for science? Let's hope so.
Journalist Linda Nordling, based in Cape Town, South Africa, specialises in African science policy, education and development. She was the founding editor of Research Africa and writes for SciDev.Net, The Guardian, Nature and others.
Comments (5)
RyanJ ( Germany )
9 January 2011
Attempting to coherently and acccurately condense such temporal and spatial complexity: a year of African policy and politics into a short article is a daunting task. But I would like to air one grievance. It came in reading your summary of why the G8 promise of doubling aid by 2010 targeted in Gleneagles, 2005 has been broken. This paragraph has no place in scientific journalism; perhaps it is down to laziness rather than a lack on investigative nature on your part. It has been made clear by Ngaire Woods (2008) among many others, that the reasons lie in incoherent and ineffective 'aid' structures (which OPEC finally recognised in its Paris declaration) and political integrity, which doesn't come of any surprise for most African nations.
The pendent that 'emerging donors' is somehow an excuse for western donors not to live up to its promises is misleading and deceptive. The G8 promise, going on the evidence, is a charade; a PR stunt suited to the short-term memory and conscience of certain political regimes. If you want to somehow link the two separate phenomena to try and account for this latest failure of western development policy, you could at least talk about the 'silent revolution' taking place. More and more African states are choosing alternative means of 'aid', linked with direct growth, and comparatively free of conditions. The hegemony on developed countries which has prolonged for so long is finally succumbing to competitive pressures, which pose a significant challenge to the still predominantly western lead model. The west likes to talk of standards. We should hold all actors to account, whether it be the US or Britain or France, etc under the cloak of multilateral institutions, or emerging donors such as China, India, Saudi Arabia, etc. Western development assistance has not only not been doubled from 2005 - 2010 in Africa, it has likely decreased. Accountability has never been more urgent in politics or in journalism.
Best wishes,
Ryan.
Linda Nordling ( South Africa )
10 January 2011
Hi Ryan, and thanks for your detailed comment on my article! I must say I did not intend to give the rise of the 'emerging economies' or the financial crisis excuses for the failure of donors to meet their G8 pledges. Nor did I intend this to be a main point in the article, except to just point out that 2010 was the 5-year anniversary of the Gleneagles pledge. I appreciate your comment - it makes many good points, and some that SciDev.Net has touched on in other articles dedicated to the Gleneagles pledges - but it misinterprets my meaning with the article a little.
Without wanting to downplay the importance of development aid, I am more interested in what African nations are doing with what resources they have. I don't think a lack of money is Africa's biggest problem. I am not a fan of the Gleneagles pledge, as I'm not a fan of the 1% goal of African countries. I believe that the bottom-up approach that we see in some African countries will pay off. Quality of funding for science, rather the quantity, is what should be the focus to start off with. Unfortunately, large political gatherings like to make pledges that make more sense on paper than in practice.
I hope I have not misunderstood your comment.
All the best, and thanks for weighing in.
Linda Nordling
Sinclair ( Sweden )
11 January 2011
Linda,
Congratulations on your article. The first sentence of the second paragraph of your response to RyanJ "...I am more interested in what African nations are doing with what resources they have" is crucial (for me) to the whole issue under discussion. Substantial levels of financial and material resources have and are still being provided to S&T capacity building on the continent. Is it necessarily the doubling of total resources for African S&T which is going to make the difference or is it more on how the resources have and are now being used? No good blaming the politicians and journalists when others closer to the work face might also be at fault or may even lack adequate training. This comment is based on experiences accumulated over a 25-year period as a senior reviewer and evaluator of educational and research programmes in N, E and S Africa. What is needed now, more than ever before, is a competent review of lessons learned over the last 10 years across all of the donor domains over the whole continent. This is because fully competent centres of training and research do exist (in some cases now becoming increasingly accessible over the internet) in different parts of the continent which can be used more effectively than they are being at the present - cost efficiency and S&T quality output being two of the key indicators of relative effectiveness.
Sinclair Mantell (Sweden)
Hartmann ( United States of America )
17 January 2011
Thank you Linda Nordling for this summary. Not an easy task. While there are debatable points, the overall picture is helpful.
Nawaz Sharif ( United States of America )
19 March 2011
African nations can learn from the experiences of Asian Countries. For a general exposure to what has worked, please see my blog: http://mns-technologicalinnovation.blogspot.com/
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