Definitions have been adapted from three main sources: Cordis (ECC), the Frascati Manual (FM) and the Oslo Manual (OM), with thanks to the providers.
Systematic work, drawing on knowledge gained from both research and practical experience, that is directed at producing new materials, products and devices; at installing new processes, systems and services; or at improving substantially those that have already been produced or installed (see also research and development) (FM).