Science and Development Network
News, views and information about science, technology and the developing world
.jpg){kind=small}
.jpg){kind=spacer}
.jpg){kind=small}
Definitions
Definitions have been adapted from three main sources: Cordis (ECC), the Frascati Manual (FM) and the Oslo Manual (OM), with thanks to the providers.
L
Linear models of innovation
Over-simplified views of innovation as involving merely the transfers of specific technologies from the research base to industry, or as a process driven by demands from society. Now superseded by the 'systemic model' of innovation (ECC).
N
Non-R&D innovation activities
Activities that are not classified as research and development (R&D), but still play a major role in corporate innovation and performance. Examples include the construction of pilot plants and full-scale production facilities, the purchase of technical information through licenses and various types of engineering and design consultancy (see also innovation) (FM).
S
Systemic model of innovation
A model of innovation process based on an awareness that successful innovation depends on interactions between many individuals, organisations and environmental factors. Within this model, R&D is no longer viewed as the 'source' of innovation but as one of a number of essential elements (ECC).
