SciDev.Net

Implicated: Hypsignathus monstrosus

IRD

Bats spread the Ebola virus to humans and play a pivotal role in disease outbreaks, evidence suggests.

Ebola, a filovirus, causes fever, vomiting, diarrhoea and sometimes bleeding. There is no treatment or vaccine and 25–90 per cent of infected people die. The virus is transmitted by direct contact with infected blood, body fluids and tissues.

The new findings have emerged from data collected in the remote Kasai-Occidental and Kasai provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) which experienced a large Ebola outbreak in 2007 in which 186 people died.

Some members of the research team helped discover in 2005 that fruit bats are a natural reservoir of the Ebola virus (see Fruit bats blamed for Ebola outbreaks).

For the new study, researchers led by Eric Leroy from the International Centre for Medical Research in Franceville, Gabon, interviewed locals about the background of the Ebola cases. They were told that the annual migration of the fruit bat Hypsignathus monstrosus was particularly large in 2007.

Bats are an important source of protein in the area as wild animals are in short supply. They are often shot and then sold covered in blood.

The researchers believe the source of the 2007 outbreak was a man who bought bats at market. He survived, experiencing only a low fever, but his four-year-old daughter died after developing a sudden fever accompanied by vomiting. A family friend who prepared the girl's body for burial was subsequently infected and went on to infect 11 members of her family, all of whom died.

Researchers say their study suggests infection is only transmitted after prolonged contact with an infected person, meaning it may be easier to contain an outbreak than was previously believed.

Jean-Jacques Muyembe, epidemiologist at the DRC's National Biomedical Research Institute and co-author of the study, told SciDev.Net that the team will continue to retrace events around outbreaks and carry out ecological studies in bats "to definitely prove that these bats are the direct vectors of Ebola to humans".

Vital Mondonge, a co-author from the infectious disease section of DRC's health ministry, says that the bat migration should be a focus of efforts to prevent Ebola infection.

Chimpanzees and gorillas are also known Ebola vectors. Bats, however, appear not to die from Ebola, suggesting they play a role in maintaining the virus in tropical forests.

The research was published in March in Vector-borne and Zoonotic diseases.

Link to full paper in Vector-borne and Zoonotic diseases